Things we get fixated as a society. Cultural icons, in other words.

Wednesday, May 02, 2007

Pictures of Maki Horikita

Here are some pictures of the Japanese idol Maki Horikita. She has been acting since 2002-2003, appearing in a number of Japanese television series and shows. She is a new star who just began her carrier.

Maki Horikita
Maki Horikita with the sea in the background.

Maki Horikita
Looking backward...

Maki Horikita
After a bath...

Maki Horikita
Victorious?

Maki Horikita
What was I gonna do this afternoon?

Maki Horikita
On a DVD cover, younger than ever.

Maki Horikita
I knew I should not have had those oysters...

Tuesday, May 01, 2007

Jesus Christ misspelled

Having considered the example of President Bush's misspellings, I decided to turn to something more serious, less mundane. So I wanted to see if the name of Jesus Christ was misspelled at all, after all he is not a figure people who write his name would take lightly. But sure enough, there are misspellings.

Jesus Chirst, for example, brings up over 20,000 hits in Google. Ridiculous, isn't it? Jeses Christ also has over 20,000 hits. Jesis Christ, on the other hand, occurs only 641 times.
Jesus Christ misspelled: Chirst
The Lord Jesus Chirst from a Christian website.

President Bush misspelled

President Bush in thoughtPresident George W. Bush is known to have provided some of the funniest quotes in presidential history. But it is interesting that people writing about him can misspell his name quite often, too.

Presedent, precident, pressident
Geoge Bush
Goerge Bush
Geoge W Bush
Georg Bush
Geogge Bush
George Nush

I could not find more at the moment but there must be zillions of other misspellings, some beyond the point of recognition. Do you know any more?

Pictures of Jimmy Hendrix

OK, time to post some pictures of Jimi Hendrix. It is amazing, how often he is written as Jimmy Hendrix, even when on all of his albums it clearly says JIMI Hendrix. To be sure, my spellchecker is telling me to correct all Jimi's on the page to Jimmy.

The Jimi Hendrix Experience
So this first picture is the cover of the album called The Jimi Hendrix Experience. He looks quite tame here.

Jimi Hendrix playing the guitar
This is a great photo, showing Jimi playing the guitar. I really like the black and white effects here, this must be one of his best pictures.

Jimi Hendrix smiling
A studio image showing him smiling. A bit boring.

Jimi Hendrix smoking
Another image showing him smoking. He smoked a lot, all kinds of things.

Jimi Hendrix Voodoo Child
This is the cover of the album called Voodoo Child.

Barney Google

Since Google took over the world and changed everyone's life (mind you, I am writing this using Google's Blogger, hoping that Google will index my pages one of these days), there has been a lot of talk about the meaning of the word "Google." But very few people seem to mention Barney Google, the comic strip hero from the first half of the 20th century.

Barney Google Tijuana Bible
Here is Barney Google in a Tijuana Bible, talking to a "lady."

Barney Google & Snuffy Smith
This is a sample frame from the comic strip Barney Google and Snuffy Smith.

Barney Google Fox Trot
And this is the front cover of Barney Google Fox Trot.

Lost gold of Lord Kitchener

Lord Kitchener
The Lost Gold of Lord Kitchener

Here is a reference to gold that still lies unclaimed at the bottom of a river. Perhaps someone could go and find it?

"After the fall of Khartoum in 1885 an enormous quantity of stores had to be destroyed owing to the want of transport. Among them was about a million rounds of ammunition, which was ordered to be thrown into the Nile. The duty of superintending its destruction fell to Kitchener, and when it was finished he found to his dismay that the contents of two of the boxes thrown into the river were not ammunition, but 10,000 gold sovereigns apiece. It is hardly probable that any attempt will be made to recover the lost treasure, for after the lapse of thirteen years it must be buried beyond all hope of recovery in the mud of which the bed of the Nile is composed."

Monday, April 30, 2007

A Taoist view on life: Baopuzi, the Master Embracing Simplicity

Baopuzi - Taoist masterThere are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Then are dreamt of in your philosophy. This same thought has also occurred to a Chinese philosopher long before the time of Shakespeare. Ge Hong, in his book called Baopuzi, or the Master Embracing Simplicity says:

"You may have the sharpest eyesight in the world and yet you will never be able to see everything that has a form. You may have the most acute hearing in the world and yet you will never be able to hear everything that has a sound. You may have feet like Dazhang and Shuhai and yet the land you have walked will always be less than that which you have not. You may have as much wisdom as Yuyi and Qixie and yet the things you know will always be less than those which you do not. " (Chapter 2, "Immortals")

Hawaiian girls

Pictures of Hawaiian girls. To be exact, these are not only girls but also women, and not all are natives of Hawaii. These photographs come from the 1930s, I came across them on the web.

Hawaiian girl
An elderly Hawaiian woman in traditional clothes, amidst palm trees.

Hawaiian girl
A Hawaiian girl with a small Hawaiian guitar or some other string instrument.


Hawaiian girl
A girl in pseudo-native dress, holding some utensil. You can see that she is simply a model posing for a picture.

Hawaiian girl
Another model in traditional dress, probably dancing.

Hawaiian girl
A girl with a guitar, in native dress.

Hawaiian girl
A girl sitting in front of a traditional Hawaiian hut. The small guitar is here, too.

Hawaiian girl
A girl standing next to the same hut.

Hawaiian girl
And yet another one on the same spot.

Sunday, April 29, 2007

Steamer Titanic

Steamer Titanic
The Titanic on an old postcard. The caption reads, "Steamer Titanic: Largest and most luxurious in the World. Launched at Belfast, Ireland, May 1911. Length 882 ft. 6 in. Displacement 66,000 tons. On her maiden trip struck a mammoth iceberg on Sunday, April 14th at 10.25 P. M. in 41º 49 minutes north latitude - 50º 14 minutes, West longitude. The worst disaster known in Marine History. Sunk at 2.20 A. M. April 15, with a loss of over 1500 lives."

The eyes of the seer: Terfren Laila

Terfren Laila
This is a photograph of Terfren Laila, a once famous seer. Her eyes still have a powerful gaze.

Saturday, April 28, 2007

Barnacle Bill the sailor

Who's that knocking at my door?
Who's that knocking at my door?
Who's that knocking at my door?
cried the young fair maiden.

It's only me from over the sea, said Barnacle Bill the sailor
I'm all lit up like a Christmas tree, said Barnacle Bill the sailor
I'll sail the sea until I croak,
I fight and swear and drink and smoke,
But I can't swim a bloody stroke, said Barnacle Bill the sailor.

.... ...

Oh, sixteen men on a dead man's chest, sang Barnacle Bill the sailor
Yo he ho and a bottle of rum, sang Barnacle Bill the sailor.
Oh high rig a jig and a jaunting car
A he a ho are you most done
Hurray my boys let the bulgine run," sang Barnacle Bill the sailor

Tuesday, April 24, 2007

Pictures of rock and roll singers


Bil Haley, the singer who sang the "Rock around the clock", the ultimate rock and roll song. Please note that his name is written as Haley, not Halley as it is often misspelled.

Bill Haley picture
Picture of Elvis Presley, still young and charming. There must be a zillion pictures of Elvis all over the world, it would be nice to collect them together on a website so people could look at them in one place. Or the same goes for any other rock and roll singer. Or historical figure. I really think this would be a good project, someone should take the time and energy to do this.
Mick Jagger picture
One of the later pictures of Mick Jagger, where he is portrayed without the rest of the band.

Cliff Richard picture
Cliff Richard and his guitar.
Pictures of R&R singers: Elvis Presley
And again, Elvis Presley, a bit older.

Stagger Lee aka Stagolee

Stagolee, aka Stagger Lee I have an old recording of the song Stagger Lee about which I have not heard or read elsewhere. I understand that the story of Stagger Lee has a complex folklore, written in many different ways, including Stagolee, Stackolee, Stackerlee, Stack O'Lee, Stack-a-Lee, etc. It has been performed by Lloyd Price, Taj Mahal, Tina Turner, the Grateful Dead, etc. But I have no idea who sings on this old tape that I have, which I have recorded from the radio about 25 years ago.

What is peculiar about this particular recording is that it has a wonderful dark blues rhythm to it, there is nothing rock-and-rollish about it, not too slow, not too fast. The beat is very heavy, almost like in a hiphop song.

Then there is the lyrics. The lyrics are quite obscene so I am not going to post them here. But it starts with the words "in 1956 when times were hard..." In this version he has been left by him woman and he is "going from ho to ho." He walks into a bar where the bartender is disrespectful with him and he shoots him dead. Then when the dead man's wife walks in, he takes her upstairs... Then he shoots a policeman. Towards the end he is sentenced by a judge who says,



The judge said, Stagger Lee, you're a friend of mine,
I'll give you ninety nine years, that's your time.
Ninety nine years ain't enough to make my bed,
I'll do it in the corner, standing on my head.



Anyone knows anything about this version?

Can a dolphin kill a shark?

A friendly dolphin
So here is the question: Can a dolphin really kill a shark?

One thing is clear. Sharks can kill dolphins and sometimes they do. From Janet Mann's book Cetacean Societies: Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales, for example, we learn that at least a third of the examined bottlenose dolphins near Queensland had scars from shark attacks. Dolphins near the Natal coast of South Africa also had scars from shark bites. Dolphin remains in sharks' stomach are also known to be found. But, as Mann points out, no actual cases of sharks attacking dolphins have been observed.


But what about the other way around? We know that a dolphin would not eat a shark but can it inflict injuries that would result in death? In his book The Living Sea, Jacques Cousteau writes that "sea mammals can kill a shark by ramming it at high speed, as dolphins have demonstrated in oceanarium tanks." Now I am no expert in this field so I would have to take professor Cousteau's word for this.


In other words, sharks and dolphins can both be deadly to each other. The other interesting question would be whether they can be friends...

Wednesday, April 18, 2007

Luxury cars at a car show

Went to a Luxury car show the other day and took a bunch of photos. Unfortunately, once at home I had no idea which car was what. Ferrari or Lamborghini, I just realized that can't tell them apart. Kind of sad, but then again, I am not going to buy any of these any time soon.

To be honest, I would much prefer making cars like this rather than owning them. I think it would be extremely satisfying to make something most others would covet. But I am not in the car business.

Luxury cars
Luxury cars
Luxury cars
Luxury cars
Luxury cars
Luxury cars

Filthy soap

Filthy soap I just came across one of my old photos I took of a pile of soap in someone's bathroom. I remember that at the time I was amazed at their quantity - there were a lot more than on the picture - and filthiness. After all, we usually associate soap with cleanness.

Having looked up the concept in Google, I came across Filthy Farmgirl Soap where the word "filthy" definitely refers to the farmgirl, not the soap.

Otherwise the idea of filthy soap is not a very dominant one in cyberspace. But in reality soap is made of animal fat so that must be some disgusting process that turns cows peacefully grazing in the sun into that white and fragrant product on the side of your sink. If you have ever driven on highway 5 past Bakersfield and smelled the stench of cows being cooked into glue or something, you know what I am talking about. Or whetever they do there...

Way of the Rock Star: Keith Richars on his way to fame

Keith Richards young
Keith Richards in the early days of the Rolling Stones, young and full of promise.

Keith Richards still young
A bit later but still pretty normal.


Keith Richards older
By now one of the most successful guitarists in rock history.

Keith Richards not young
A Keith Richards profile.

Keith Richards
A naked torso snapshot for the magazine.

On the 1872 Rolling Stones album Exile on Main Street the song "Happy" was written and sung by Keith Richards. In there he sings the following lines:

"Never wanted to be like papa,
working for the boss every night and day."

Well, his relationship to his papa just got a whole lot different when he snorted up the ashes of his recently deceased father. This is a not a joke, he really did this. Perhaps this is a sign of affection, or whatever. What's even more weird is that this story made it to the public. How? Why? If you do something like this you might want to keep it private, don't you?



The screaming rock and roll singer


Munch's famous scream. Did you know that this figure was actually singing?


Little Richard with his high-pitch screams. He did not actually need a microphone.


Mick Jagger, whose trademark is his wide-open screaming mouth.


It's the singer not the song -- says Mick Jagger in an old song. There are a lot of songs and a lot of singers but people really mostly remember the stars. There are only a handful of well-known songs we cannot associate with a name but there are tons of singers we know relatively well.


And when it comes to rock and roll, the singers tend to project the image of screaming. Just like sugar and salt in junk food, screaming and crying makes the music more appealing. On a very non-intellectual level but still...


Sunday, February 25, 2007

Grace Kelly and Gary Cooper

One of the unforgettable performances by Grace Kelly and Gary Cooper was when they played together in the movie High Noone, Kelly playing the role of Amy Fowler Kane and Cooper that of Sheriff Will Kane.

Gary Cooper in High Noon
Grace Kelly and Gary Cooper in times of crisis

Grace Kelly and Gary Cooper in High Noon
Worried and arguing


Grace Kelly and Gary Cooper in High Noon
The Sheriff doing the walk

Wednesday, February 07, 2007

The Sin Eater

Sin eaters and sin eating

In some part of Wales a very extraordinary rite was observed. "When a person died, the friends sent for the sin-eater of the district, who on his arrival places a piece of salt on the breast of the defunct, and upon the salt a piece of bread. He then muttered an incantation over the bread, which he finally ate; thereby eating up all the sins of the deceased. This done, he received the fee of two shillings and sixpence, and vanished as quickly as possible from the general gaze; for as it was believed that he really appropriated to his own use and behoof the sins of all those over whom he performed the above ceremony, he was utterly detested in the neighbourhood -- regarded as a mere Pariah -- as one irremediably lost."

Monday, December 25, 2006

Fifteen men on a deadman's chest

1. Fifteen men on a dead man's chest
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum
Drink and the devil had done for the rest
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.
The mate was fixed by the bosun's pike
The bosun brained with a marlinspike
And cookey's throat was marked belike
It had been gripped by fingers ten;
And there they lay, all good dead men
Like break o'day in a boozing ken
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.

2. Fifteen men of the whole ship's list
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
Dead and be damned and the rest gone whist!
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
The skipper lay with his nob in gore
Where the scullion's axe his cheek had shore
And the scullion he was stabbed times four
And there they lay, and the soggy skies
Dripped down in up-staring eyes
In murk sunset and foul sunrise
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.

3. Fifteen men of 'em stiff and stark
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
Ten of the crew had the murder mark!
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
Twas a cutlass swipe or an ounce of lead
Or a yawing hole in a battered head
And the scuppers' glut with a rotting red
And there they lay, aye, damn my eyes
Looking up at paradise
All souls bound just contrawise
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.

4. Fifteen men of 'em good and true
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
Ev'ry man jack could ha' sailed with Old Pew,
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!
There was chest on chest of Spanish gold
With a ton of plate in the middle hold
And the cabins riot of stuff untold,
And they lay there that took the plum
With sightless glare and their lips struck dumb
While we shared all by the rule of thumb,
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!

5. More was seen through a sternlight screen
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum
Chartings undoubt where a woman had been
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.
'Twas a flimsy shift on a bunker cot
With a dirk slit sheer through the bosom spot
And the lace stiff dry in a purplish blot
Oh was she wench or some shudderin' maid
That dared the knife and took the blade
By God! she had stuff for a plucky jade
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.

6. Fifteen men on a dead man's chest
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum
Drink and the devil had done for the rest
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum.
We wrapped 'em all in a mains'l tight
With twice ten turns of a hawser's bight
And we heaved 'em over and out of sight,
With a Yo-Heave-Ho! and a fare-you-well
And a sudden plunge in the sullen swell
Ten fathoms deep on the road to hell,
Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum!

Thursday, December 07, 2006

Whatever happened to the riots

Was just driving by the Parliament last night and saw a few people crammed together, holding national flags and looking very serious. Apparently, this was the small group of demonstrators who did not give up standing outside the Parliament. Remember, a month or so ago there was a lot more people swearing that they would die there rather than go home, unless Ferenc Gyurcsany, the Hungarian Prime Minister, resigns. Where were those people last night? Watching Desperate Housewives on TV2, I reckon.

Sic transit gloria mundi. This whole thing demonstrates that it really takes a lot of dedication and will power to stand by the things you believe in for more than a week. Still, the demonstrators last night gave me the impression of simply being fanatics, rather than devoted patriots. But who knows, perhaps all revolutionaries are like that from up close and only distance in time makes them look graceful and brave.

Growing cactus - Why and how?

Growing cactus

"Cacti are a group of plants that are not only easy to grow, but offer a variety of shapes, color and form. They can be grown in any sunny, well-drained area. They require little maintenance. They make excellent houseplants and many hardy varieties may be grown outside.

"If you want small specimens (less than one inch above the ground), you will want to grow lithops, which is Greek for "living rocks". Other cacti which mimic the appearance of rocks include titanopsis, lapidaria, penestraria and gibbaeum.

"Some cactus and succulent types can be used as pot plants. These include Aloe Vera, crassulas, Echeverias, peperomias and kalanchoe.

"Larger-growing cactus and succulent plants make dramatic floor plants with heights from 3 to 10 feet or more. These include Cereus peruvianus, Yucca elephantipes, Euphorbias, ponytail palm or bottle palm."

Tuesday, September 26, 2006

The Gyurcsany speech that has angered the nation

The Gyurcsany speech that has angered the nation

Here is a partial translation of Ferenc Gyurcsany's speech which caused such a sensation. This is only a paragraph and half but the best part.

"We don't have much choice. We don't because we f*cked up. Not just a little bit -- big time. No other country in Europe has done such a stupid thing before. We could try to explain it. Obviously, we have lied our way through the past couple of years. It was evident that the things we were saying were not true. We have gone way beyond our possibilities; we could not have imagined in the past that a joint government of the Hungarian Socialist Party and the liberals would ever end up here. Meanwhile, we have not done a thing in four years. Nothing. I cannot name any significant government decision we could be proud of, except the fact that we were able to get the governance out of the sh*t. Not a thing. If we were held accountable before the nation for our actions over the past four years, what would we say? Obviously, the whole thing is not being done in a nice, calm and meticulous manner. No, no. Everything is being done in a terrible rush because for a while we could not do anything, lest the people find out. And now we are in such a tight spot that we are about do die. And then we fall. Because we cannot keep a faster pace. This is where we are. Meanwhile we still have to come to an understanding with the liberal democrats, there are still ministerial issues -- you know.

"Look, the fact is that we do not have a choice in the short run. Janos Veres is right. We can still fuss around a bit but not for too long. The moment of truth is coming. Divine providence, the overflow of cash in the world economy, hundreds of tricks you obviously need not to know about, all these things helped us to survive so far. But this is the end of it. We cannot go any further. Of course, we can discuss this endlessly, prepare a huge f*cking number of analyses to see which social group will end up with what. This is what I can tell you. We cannot analyze things for weeks, folks, we cannot."

Friday, September 22, 2006

Practical Midwifery

Practical Midwifery

It is the author's intention, in the succeeding pages, to present to the Student of Midwifery, in a condensed form, those rules which are particularly applicable to the practical department of the science.

The frequent inquiries amongst his own pupils for a book of this kind will, he trusts, be a sufficient apology for the present undertaking; which is intended as a remembrancer in the lying-in room, and consequently will by no means supersede the necessity of consulting the more voluminous treatises on this interesting and important department of medical science.

To the gentlemen attending the author's lectures it cannot fail to be acceptable, as it will form a Syllabus of that part of the Course in which the varieties of parturition are described; and, should the sphere of its usefulness extend no further, he will be amply rewarded for the time he has devoted in thus condensing and revising, for their instruction, the practical rules of the art and science of Midwifery.

Practical Midwifery

The Pelvis

Diameters Of The Pelvis

Presentation And Situation

Labour

Natural Labour

Passage Of The Child During Labour

Duties Of The Accoucheur

Management Of The Placenta

Causes Which Impede Labour

Preternatural Labour

Labours With Plurality Of Children

Instrumental Labour

Labour With Hemorrhage From The Uterus

Hemorrhage Before The Birth Of The Child

Hemorrhage After The Birth Of The Child

Wednesday, September 20, 2006

Caterpillar: The Larval Stage of a Butterfly

Caterpillar: The Larval Stage of a Butterfly

"A caterpillar is the larval stage of butterflies and moths. The caterpillar hatches from a tiny egg and will eventually pupate and turn into an adult butterfly or moth.
This larval stage usually lasts from two weeks to about a month. This is the main feeding stage of the butterfly. Caterpillars eat almost constantly and grow very quickly, at an astonishing rate.

...

When the caterpillar has reached the right size, it is time for it to pupate. It finds a suitable place to attach itself (a twig, a leaf, undergroud, or another place). It attaches itself with a silken girdle around its middle and a silken pad and cremaster (at the end of the abdomen). It then splits open and loses its exoskeleton and pupates (becomes a pupa)."

Who is the Hoochie Coochie Man?

Who is the Hoochie Coochie Man?

"Back in the late 19th century, hoochie coochie was a muscle dance which became very popular after the Chicago World's Fair in 1893, where it was introduced to the public. A decade later, the hoochie coochie shows were immensely popular and, judging from contemporary accounts, these were clearly not something approved by law enforcement and the high society. At the same time, the dance seemed to have been one of the high points of the Chicago World's Fair.

One news report from 1903, for example, talks of J.S. Starr who "proceeded to organize a crusade against the carnival selecting, out of the whole unlawful bunch of things, the hoochie coochie and gambling devices." Or elsewhere they talk about going "into the disreputable hoochie coochie shows to see what vile things were on exhibition; some of them went themselves and some of them became so interested in the vile shows that they went several times, perhaps to refresh their memories."

Monday, September 11, 2006

HYDRA LERNAIA

HYDRA LERNAIA

"HYDRA LERNAIA was a gigantic, nine-headed water-serpent, which haunted the swamps of Lerna. Herakles was sent to destroy her as one of his twelve labours, but for each of her heads that he decapitated, two more sprang forth. So with the help of Iolaos, he applied burning brands to the severed stumps, cauterizing the wounds and preventing regeneration. In the battle he also crushed a giant crab beneath his heel which had come to assist Hydra.The Hydra and her crab ally were placed amongst the stars as the Constellations Hydra and Cancer."

Sunday, September 03, 2006

Kyoto Imperial Palace

Kyoto Imperial Palace

Kyoto Imperial Palace (Kyoto Gosho) used to be the residence of Japan's Imperial Family until 1868, when the emperor and capital were moved from Kyoto to Tokyo. It is located in the spacious Kyoto Imperial Park.

The palace burnt down and was moved around the city several times over the centuries. The present reconstruction dates from 1855. The palace complex is enclosed by a long wall and consists of several gates, halls and gardens. The enthronement ceremonies of Emperors Taisho and Showa were still held in the palace's main hall, but the present Emperor's ceremony took place at the Tokyo Imperial Palace.

Monday, August 28, 2006

Fa-hien (Fa Xian, Faxian, Fa Hsien)

Fa-hien, also commonly written as Fa Xian, Faxian, Fa Hsien, was the first Chinese Buddhist pilgrim to leave an account of his travels to Central Asia, India, and Sri Lanka. The name of this monk may correctly be pronounced as Faxian but is also written as Fa-hsien. A native of Shanxi (Shansi), he left home at the tender age of three to join the Buddhist Sangha. After his novitiate, Fa-hien wanted to go to India to search for the treatises of the Vinaya Pitaka, the monastic rules of buddhism. He was perhaps sixty-four when, in 399 AD, he departed for India.

Travelling through Central Asia and Northwest India, Fa-hien reached northern India and then visited the holy Buddhist sites located in the Ganges valley: Kapilavastu, the birthplace of Buddha; Bodhgaya, the site of Buddha's enlightenment; Sarnath, where Buddha preached his first sermon, and Kushinagara, the place of Buddha's nirvana. He spent much of his time visiting and describing mid-India or Magadha. Fa-hien did not visit peninsular India, and left India by sea to return to China after visiting Sri Lanka. His is the only firsthand account of that island from a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim. Fa-hien returned to China in 414 AD after enduring many hardships at sea.

It took Fa-hien six years to reach Central India from Changan (then the capital of China); his itinerary there extended over another six years; and on his return it took him three years to reach Qingzhou (Ch'ingchou) in modern Shandong, a coastal province in east China.

Sunday, August 13, 2006

Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

"Dreams are not comparable to the spontaneous sounds made by a musical instrument struck rather by some external force than by the hand of a performer; they are not meaningless, not absurd, they do not imply that one portion of our stockpile of ideas sleeps while another begins to awaken. They are a completely valid psychological phenomenon, specifically the fulfillment of wishes; they can be classified in the continuity of comprehensible waking mental states; they are constructed through highly complicated intellectual activity.
But as soon as we delight in this discovery, a flood of questions assails us. If, according to dream analysis, the dream represents a fulfilled wish, what creates the astonishing and strange form in which this wish-fullfillment is expressed? What transformation have the dream thoughts undergone to shape the manifest dream which we remember when awake? Through what means has this transformation taken place? What is the source of the material which has been reworked into the dream? Where do the many peculiarities which we notice in dream thoughts come from, for instance that they may be mutually contradictory? Can a dream tell us so mething new about our inner psychological processes? Can its content correct the opinions that we have held during our waking hours?
I suggest that we set these questions aside for the moment and follow one particular path further. We have learned that a dream represents a fulfilled wish. Our next concern will be to discover whether this is a universal characteristic of dreams. . . We must leave open the possibility that the meaning may not be the same in every dream. Our first dream was a wish fulfillment; but perhaps another will prove to be a fulfilled fear; a third might contain a reflex; a fourth may simply reproduce a memory. Are there other wish-dreams? Or perhaps nothing but wish-dreams exist.
It is easy to demonstrate that dreams often have the character of blatant wish-fullfillments; so much so that one wonders why the language of dreams was not understood long ago. For instance, there is a dream that I can experience at will, experimentally, as it were. When I eat sardines, olives, or other strongly salted foods in the evening, I am awakened in the night by thirst. But the awaking is always preceded by a dream with the same content: I gulp the water down; and it tastes delicious to me as only a cool drink can when one is dying of thirst; and then I wake up and really have to drink. The cause of this simple dream is the thirst which I feel when I awaken. This feeling causes the desire to drink, and the dream shows me this desire fulfilled. It thereby serves a function which I can easily guess. I am a good sleeper, unaccustomed to being awakened by any need. If I can slake my thirst by dreaming that I am drinking, I don't need to wake up in order to be satisfied. Thus this is a convenience dream. The dream is substituted for action, as so often in life.
Recently this same dream occurred in a somewhat modified form. I had become thirsty even before sleeping and drained the glass of water which was standing on the nightstand next to my bed. A few hours later during the night I had a new attack of thirst which was more inconvenient. In order to get some water I would have had to get up and take the glass standing on my wife's nightstand. I dreamed therefore that my wife gave me a drink out of a vessel. This vessel was an Etruscan funerary urn which I had brought back from a trip to Italy and had since given away. However, the water in it tasted so salty (plainly because of the ashes) that I had to wake up. It is easy to see how neatly this dream arranged matters; since it its only aim was wish-fulfillment, it could be completely egotistical. A love of convenience is not really compatible with consideration for others. The introduction of the funerary urn is probably another wish-fulfillment; I was sorry that I didn't own the vessel any more--just as the water glass beside my wife was inaccessible. The urn also fit the growing salty taste which I knew would force me to wake up.
I very commonly had such dreams of convenience in my youth. Always used to working deep into the night, it was always difficult for me to wake up early. I used to dream then that I was out of bed and standing in front of the washstand. Eventually I had to recognize that I was not up, but meanwhile I had slept some more. The same lazy dream in a particularly witty form was told to me by one of my colleagues who evidently shared my sleepyheadedness. The landlady he rented rooms near the hospitals from had strong instructions to wake him up at the right time every morning; but she had a difficult time carrying out these orders. One morning he was sleeping especially sweetly. The woman called into the room, "Mr. Pepi, get up. You have to go to the hospital. " At that point the sleeper dreamed that he was lying in a bed in a room in the hospital, on which was a placard which read "Pepi H., medical student, age 22." Dreaming, he said to himself, "Since I am already in the hospital, I don't have to go there," so he turned over and slept on. Thus he openly confessed the cause of his dream.
It is just as easy to discover wish-fulfillment in some other dreams that I have collected from normal people. A friend who knows my dream theory and had shared it with his wife said to me one day, "I must tell you that my wife dreamed yesterday that she had her period. You know what that means." Certainly I knew; since the young woman had dreamed that she had her period, it meant that her period had not come. I could well believe that she would liked to have enjoyed her freedom a little longer before beginning the burdens of motherhood. It was a clever way of announcing the onset of her pregnancy. Another friend writes me that his wife recently dreamed that she noticed drops of milk on her blouse front. This is always a sign of pregnancy, but not a first pregnancy; the young mother wanted to have more milk for the second child than she had had for the first. . . .
These examples will perhaps be enough to show that dreams which can only be understood as wish-fullfillments, and which clearly reveal their content, occur often and under manifold circumstances. These mostly short and simple dreams stand out pleasantly in contrast with the confused and overly complex dream compositions which have mostly absorbed the attention of writers. . . .
We recognize that we might have gotten at the understanding of the concealed meaning of dreams by the shortest path if we had simply followed common ways of speaking. Proverbs indeed sometimes speak dismissively of dreams; people think they are being properly scientific when they say, "Dreams are froth." But in common usage dreams are predominantly the fulfillers of dreams. We cry out, delighted, "I would never have imagined such a thing even in my wildest dreams" when we find that reality has surpassed our expectations. . . .
There still remain anxiety dreams (1) as a special subdivision of dreams with a painful content whose interpretation as wish-fulfillment dreams will be most unwillingly accepted by the unenlightened. However, I can deal briefly with anxiety dreams here; they do not represent another aspect of the problems posed by dreams; rather it is a matter of understanding above all neurotic anxiety. The anxiety that we feel in dreams is only apparently explained by the dream's content. When we try to discover the meaning of a dream's content, we note that the anxiety felt in a dream is no better explained by its content than the anxiety felt in a phobia (2) is explained by the mental image which induces the phobia. For instance, is it quite true that one may fall out of a window, and therefore one may reasonably exert a certain amount of caution around a window; but this does not explain why in its phobic form the fear is so powerful and the sufferer pursued by the fear far beyond its cause. The same explanation is valid for phobias as for anxiety dreams. The anxiety is in both cases only loose ly linked to the association, and actually derives from another source.
Since dream anxiety is intimately related to neurotic anxiety is must explain the first by reference to the second. In a short publication on anxiety neurosis . . . I argued that neurotic anxiety derives from sexual life, and is the expression of unsatisfied desire which has been diverted from its goal. This formula has since then been proven valid. It enables us now to say that the sexual content of anxiety dreams is the result of transformation of sexual desire."

Saturday, August 12, 2006

Muddy Waters: Mannish Boy

Muddy Waters: Mannish Boy

Ooooooh, yeah, ooh, yeah

Everythin', everythin', everytin's gonna be alright this mornin'
Ooh yeah, whoaw
Now when I was a young boy, at the age of five
My mother said I was, gonna be the greatest man alive
But now I'm a man, way past 21
Want you to believe me baby,
I had lot's of fun
I'm a man
I spell mmm, aaa child, nnn
That represents man
No B, O child, Y
That mean mannish boy
I'm a man
I'm a full grown man
I'm a man
I'm a natural born lovers man
I'm a man
I'm a rollin' stone
I'm a man
I'm a hoochie coochie man

Sittin' on the outside, just me and my mate
You know I'm made to move you honey,
come up two hours late
Wasn't that a man
I spell mmm, aaa child, nnn
That represents man
No B, O child, Y
That mean mannish boy
I'm a man
I'm a full grown man
Man
I'm a natural born lovers man
Man
I'm a rolllin' stone
Man-child
I'm a hoochie coochie man

The line I shoot will never miss
When I make love to a woman,
she can't resist
I think I go down,
to old Kansas Stew
I'm gonna bring back my second cousin,
that little Johnny Cocheroo
All you little girls,
sittin'out at that line
I can make love to you woman,
in five minutes time
Ain't that a man
I spell mmm, aaa child, nnn
That represents man
No B, O child, Y
That mean mannish boy
Man
I'm a full grown man
Man
I'm a natural born lovers man
Man
I'm a rollin' stone
I'm a man-child
I'm a hoochie coochie man
well, well, well, well
hurry, hurry, hurry, hurry
Don't hurt me, don't hurt me child
don't hurt me, don't hurt, don't hurt me child
well, well, well, well

Yeah

Monday, August 07, 2006

Streamlined Woman

Streamlined Woman

"While Streamlined Woman offers us a glorious historic glimpse at a young McKinley Morganfield, the solos can border on repetitive in casual listening. But attention to the subtle differences in each song will be rewarding. Songs like “Down South Blues” and “Rollin' and Tumblin'” have the same distinctive shuffles and beats, but we are interested in the attitudes to each respective take. That attitude is called a sound, and listening to the sound of Muddy Waters is to listen to the sound of the blues."

Animal Fighting Laws

Animal Fighting Laws

"One animal fighting law that can make an enormous difference in cracking down on this illegal activity is a prohibition on the possession of animals for fighting purposes. In states that do not ban keeping or selling fighting animals, police must catch animal fighters in the act of fighting. Infiltrating animal fighting circles can be a difficult task, as they are often highly clandestine, held in remote locations, and involve closed circles of participants. But animal fighters are often easily identifiable by the way they keep their animals, the fact that they possess training equipment, and have animals with multiple scars."

Saturday, July 15, 2006

Minamoto Yoshitsune

Minamoto Yoshitsune

"Japanese military leader and tragic hero, brother of Minamoto Yoritomo. Yoshitsune was placed in a monastery after his father's death in an unsuccessful rising against the dictatorship of Taira Kiyomori, but he escaped and in 1180 joined a rebellion against the Taira clan launched by Yoritomo. His first, spectacularly successful campaign (1184) was against his unruly cousin Yoshinaka; later that year he led a surprise assault on the Taira forces camped at Ichinotani, demoralizing and dispersing them. In 1185 he finally annihilated the Taira in the naval battle of Dannoura, but Yoritomo's suspicions, already aroused, were exacerbated by the retired Emperor Go-Shirakawa's attempts to use Yoshitsune against him. Yoshitsune was forced into rebellion against Yoritomo late in 1185, but most of his few followers died at sea as he fled north. Betrayed and attacked by his allies, he finally committed suicide after killing his wife and daughter. His story has been retold in many chronicles and plays, establishing him as the archetype of doomed valour."

Wednesday, July 12, 2006

Monsters & Demons

Monsters & Demons

"Going to the movies may not seem like a novel way for little kids to spend an afternoon. But have you ever brought your child to see a Disney flick and ended up viewing trailers for Jeepers Creepers 2 or Freddie vs. Jason?

When this happened in a Birmingham, Alabama cinema last year, parents became concerned about what the main attraction would be. But before the managers at the cinema could turn off the previews, the main attraction came on, and it wasn't Piglet. Instead they were presented with the gruesome opening of Wrong Turn, an 18-rated slasher flick in much the same vein as the previews."

Toads and frogs

http://allaboutfrogs.org/weird/general/frogtoad.html

"Generally speaking, though, when we think of frogs, we generally picture what are called "True Frogs"....members of the family Ranidae, containing more than 400 species.

The term toads tends to refer to "True Toads"....members of the family Bufonidae, containing more than 300 species.

The physical distinctions, however, can easily get blurred because sometimes the features appear mixed or less obvious, and certain species even legitimately fall into both categories. It is not uncommon, for example, to find a warty skinned frog that isn't a toad, or even a slimy toad! Even the more invisible stuff like cartilage structure has been found to sometimes fit both categories!"

Friday, July 07, 2006

Cats-n-Dogs

Cats-n-Dogs

"Air travel with pets falls into two categories, in-cabin and cargo. In-cabin pets must be small enough to fit into a carrier that will slide under the seat in front of you. Pets too large to fit comfortably in a carrier must travel in cargo. Cargo holds are heated, cooled and pressurized, just like the passenger compartment.

Before you make a reservation, be sure the airline will accommodate your pet. Some airlines do not take pets in-cabin; some discount airlines don't accept pets at all. So if you purchase your airline tickets through the Internet, make sure your pet will be able to travel with you.

Pet passengers require a reservation, whether traveling in-cabin or cargo. Airlines have restrictions on the number of pets they will carry in order to provide safe travel for all. So making your pet's reservation at the same time you purchase your ticket is a good idea. Extra charges for both in-cabin and cargo pets will be assessed."

Monday, July 03, 2006

Squirrel search tips

Squirrel search tips

"As of June 2006, Google shows 27.6 million hits for the word "squirrel". Many of these links, on the other hand, don't have much to do with actual squirrels, but with things like SQL clients and programming languages. The Latin name Sciurus returns 787,000 hits, but not even all of these are squirrel links. The name of the squirrel family, Sciuridae, gets 258,000 hits. Even doing a Google image search for large full-color JPG files gets 13,500 hits, which is a lot of squirrel pictures (with a lot of non-squirrel pictures mixed in). When I started this page, a search for "squirrel" turned up a few hundred pages at most, but these days, there are far too many pages to check out even a tiny portion of them.

"There are two ways to sift through this vast sea of links. One is to narrow down the search: from "squirrel" (27.6M) to "red squirrel" (856,000) to "red squirrel" +michigan (35,200). Another is to look up the word for "squirrel" in a random dictionary, such as Italian (scoiattolo, 510,000 hits) or Portuguese (esquilo, 562,000 hits). The problem with that is that not enough dictionaries have a word for "squirrel" listed. One way to find words for "squirrel" is to use Google Advanced Search, type a Latin name in the search box, and select a language from the language box. For instance, Google returns 900 pages in Polish for the word Sciurus, from which you can find that "wiewiórka" seems to be a Polish word for a kind of squirrel. (It also is apparently a Polish surname.) Another is to visit the English Wikipedia "Squirrel" page and click one of the links in the box marked "in other languages".

Stinging Caterpillars

Stinging Caterpillars

"Most people know that bees, wasps, hornets and some ants can sting to defend themselves or their nests. Only a few people realize, usually from first hand experience, that handling some caterpillars can produce some painful results. Recognizing the few stinging caterpillar species may prevent irritating encounters.

"Caterpillar stages of moths often have spines and barbed hooks. Generally, these are for show and are quite harmless. But there are a few Stinging caterpillars of various shapes, sizes and colors. Stinging caterpillars possess hollow quill-like hairs, connected to poison sacs, that are used as defensive weapons. When these hairs are touched they break through the skin releasing the poison. Reactions can range from a mild itching to the more severe pain, dermatitis, and even intestinal disturbances. "

Caterpillars

Caterpillars

"Caterpillars are voracious feeders. When large numbers occur together, they can completely strip the leaves from a tree. Several colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar helped themselves to this wild cherry. Their silk tents can be seen in the branch forks."

"Full-grown caterpillars are 2-1/2 inches long with a white stripe down the back and blue spots on either side. After completing their development, eastern tent caterpillars leave their host tree and wander in search of suitable places in which to spin their cocoons. Inside the cocoons, they transform into moths which mate and lay eggs once again on cherry, apple, and other suitable host trees."

Friday, June 30, 2006

Search for El Dorado The Lost City of Gold

Search for El Dorado The Lost City of Gold

"CLUES FOR THE HUNT: In 1502, Columbus-on his 4th and last expedition to America-reached Venezuela, so named because its coast looked to him like "an odd little Venice." He had been told that there was "a gold city 10 days from the Ganges." Since he still thought he was in India, he mistook the Orinoco River for the Ganges. Earlier, he momentarily thought he had found El Dorado in Haiti, where nuggets were the size of hen's eggs. In 1510 Balboa, already at the Pacific Ocean and not impossibly far from Cundinamarca, was contemptuously told by an Indian as he knocked a handful of ornaments out of Balboa's hand, "I can tell you of a land where they eat and drink out of golden vessels and gold is as cheap as iron is with you." Cortes, too, had been informed of this land by an Indian slave girl whom he baptized-and then used for 6 years as both translator and mistress. She had merely pointed in the direction of Bogota. "

Friday, June 23, 2006

History of The Simpsons

History of The Simpsons
"The Simpsons are the brainchild of Matt Groening. He started out as a cartoonist by drawing a weekly comic strip for a set of regional newspapers, called "Life In Hell." They featured a rabbit called Blinky (yes, that's the name of the three-eyed fish in The Simpsons) and detailed the dark side of life. Books of these early cartoons are sold in bookstores."

Wednesday, June 21, 2006

Bottlenose Dolphins

Bottlenose Dolphins

Scientific Classification
Habitat and Distribution
Physical Characteristics
Senses
Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment
Behavior
Diet and Eating Habits
Reproduction
Birth and Care of Young
Communication and Echolocation
Longevity and Causes of Death
Conservation
Books for Young Readers
Bibliography

Megiddo and Armageddon

Megiddo and Armageddon

Megiddo (me·GID·o), or Tel Megiddo (TEL-me·GID·o), an ancient fortified city, is one of the most famous battlegrounds in the world. Historians believe that more battles were fought at this location than anywhere else on earth. "When Edwin Robinson stood on the imposing hill known as Tell el-Mutesellim in 1838, he jotted down in his diary the words, 'I wonder where Megiddo could have been.' Ironically, the mound on which he was standing, rising seventy feet above the surrounding plain and occupying an area of ten acres on its summit (with lower levels even larger) soon proved to be the site of Megiddo"

Friday, June 09, 2006

MILITARY VEHICLES

MILITARY VEHICLES

"Military Vehicles from Jeeps to Tanks of all ages and types for private collectors, museums and commercial users. Military Vehicle, Militaria and Ex Military Equipment dealers and private advertisers - updated every 12 hours. Military Vehicle, Militaria and Re-enactor events. "

Thursday, May 11, 2006

Andromeda Galaxy

Andromeda Galaxy

"Wider and possibly brighter than our own Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy was once thought to be the dominant member of the Local Group of galaxies. Although it is Milky Way's nearest large galactic neighbor, this large spiral galaxy (type Sb with two arms) lies around 2.52 ± 0.14 million light-years (ly) from the Solar System (Ribas et al, 2005). It can be found in (0:40:27+40:40:12, J2000; and 0:42:44.3+41:16:9.4, ICRS 2000) Constellation Andromeda, the Chained Maiden. It is located northwest of Mu and Beta Andromedae (Mirach); west of Nu Andromedae; northeast of Theta and Sigma Andromedae; north of Pi, Delta, and Epsilon Andromedae; and south of Theta and Omega Cassiopeiae. Andromeda can be seen by Human eyes from Earth without a telescope as a "little cloud" (see Akira Fujii's photo to better relate the galaxy's location to the brightest stars of Constellation Andromeda)."

Tuesday, May 02, 2006

The Dolphinarium

The Dolphinarium

"The dolphins have a six days “working” week, Monday being their relaxation day. This schedule has never been changed. They receive their daily food at 5 or 6 portions, only during training and performances. Their menu contains of 8-10 kg perch pike, sprat, sardines, and their favorite delicates – the herring. The trainings include old elements of the performances, as well as new techniques. The visitors enjoy most of all when dolphins walk on their tails over the water, catch fish from the coach’s mouth, sing. In the moment they are practicing human participation in the pool. Soon new trainees are expected in the dolphinarium – sea lions."

Sunday, April 23, 2006

The Miami Dolphins

The Miami Dolphins

"Mariners, Marauders, Mustangs, Missiles, Moons, Sharks, Suns none of those other names suggested to the American Football League expansion franchise in 1965 could raise a fin to the runaway winner.
"Dolphins" was submitted by 622 entrants in a contest which attracted 19,843 entries and more than a thousand different names. The dozen finalists were delivered to a seven-member screening committee of local media.
The bottlenose dolphin, an intelligent creature with an irresistible built-in grin, has inspired wonder for centuries. Plutarch observed 1,900 years ago that the dolphin "is the only creature who loves man for his own sake." Every trainer will have a tale of the dolphin's cleverness and ingenuity, and scientists are fascinated by a dolphin's natural equipment which far surpasses the range of Navy sonar equipment.
"The dolphin is one of the fastest and smartest creatures of the sea," Joe Robbie said in announcing the team name on October 8, 1965. "Dolphins can attack and kill a shark or a whale. Sailors say bad luck will come to anyone who harms one of them."
Mrs. Robert Swanson of West Miami won two lifetime passes to Dolphin games with her nickname entry. The tiebreaker was picking the winner and score of the 1965 game between the University of Miami and Notre Dame. It ended in a scoreless tie. "

Wednesday, April 19, 2006

American Lamb Board

American Lamb Board

"The American Lamb Board (ALB) was created by the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture to administer the Lamb Promotion, Research and Information Order. The ALB works to strengthen the domestic lamb industry’s position in the marketplace through advertising, public relations, culinary education, and retail promotions. The 13 member volunteer Board represents all sectors including six producers, three feeders, one seedstock producer and three first handlers."

Tuesday, April 18, 2006

Computer crash

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/C/crash.html

"If your computer crashes, it is not your fault. If the program is good and your hardware is functioning properly, there is nothing you can do to make your system crash."

Why Does My Computer Crash, Freeze or Hang All The Time?

Why Does My Computer Crash, Freeze or Hang All The Time?

"Do you see a lot of messages like, "This program performed an illegal operation and will be shut down" ? Or do you find that your mouse often freezes and you have to reset your computer to regain control?

"This is a very common complaint for many computer users. Why this happens can be due to a number of things. "

Armageddon

http://www.armageddon.org/

"Armageddon is a highly modified DIKU MUD, a form of multiplayer online roleplaying game (MMORG), designed to provide a roleplaying experience in the harsh desert world of Zalanthas. Armageddon is as focused on serious roleplay as any MUSH; but it combines that roleplaying focus with the hard-coded realism of a DIKU MUD. Players are required to maintain a high level of roleplay at all times. "

Armageddon

And he gathered them together into a place called in the Hebrew tongue Armageddon. (Revelations 16)

Saturday, April 15, 2006

The Frog and the Princess

The Frog and the Princess (A tale by the Grimm Brothers)

"In olden times when wishing still helped one, there lived a king whose daughters were all beautiful, but the youngest was so beautiful hat the sun itself, which has seen so much, was astonished whenever it shone in her face. Close by the king's castle lay a great dark forest, and under an old lime-tree in the forest was a well, and when the day was very warm, the king's child went out into the forest and sat down by the side of the cool fountain, and when she was bored she took a golden ball, and threw it up on high and caught it, and this ball was her favorite plaything. Now it so happened that on one occasion the princess's golden ball did not fall into the little hand which she was holding up for it, but on to the ground beyond, and rolled straight into the water. The king's daughter followed it with her eyes, but it vanished, and the well was deep, so deep that the bottom could not be seen. At this she began to cry, and cried louder and louder, and could not be comforted. And as she thus lamented someone said to her, "What ails you, king's daughter? You weep so that even a stone would show pity."

Wednesday, April 12, 2006

Australian Leader Testifies at Oil Hearing

Australian Leader Testifies at Oil Hearing

"Prime Minister John Howard said Thursday his senior advisers did not alert him to warnings that Australia's monopoly wheat exporter was allegedly paying kickbacks to Saddam Hussein in the discredited U.N. oil-for-food program."

From Korean history

Preamble: Approaching the 19th Century - East Meets West

"1868 - Tokugawa shogunate in Japan ends with the restoration of the emperor (“Meiji Restoration”). Japan begins to implement internal political and economic reforms, partly designed to strengthen Japan against foreign incursions. Legal class distinctions abolished (1869). Universal male military conscription established (1873).

"Japan becomes increasingly militaristic towards Korea for numerous reasons, including (a) the “political necessity of finding an outlet for the energies” of the samurais affected by the Meiji Restoration, (b) to acquire a captive market for Japanese consumer goods, (c) to preempt Russian encroachment in Korea, and (d) chauvinistic impulse of the Restoration leaders to expand the Japanese Empire."

Sunday, April 09, 2006

NAVAJO WAR AGAINST WHITE SETTLERS

NAVAJO WAR AGAINST WHITE SETTLERS

"Adjutant General Kennedy was inclined to regard the situation with a good deal of concern, although expressing the belief that the trouble would not extend very far north. He did not know whether or not Governor Waite would order the national guard to the front, but thought that he would do so. He declined to give copies of the telegrams received by him and sent, or to allow any one to see them, stating that it was contrary to orders. In speaking of the affair he said that there are 250 bucks who are raising the disturbance. "They are all mounted and equipped," said he, "with the best repeating rifles and have ample supplied for a long war. They are a bad lot and revel in plunder and murder. There has been ill-feeling among them for a long time and it has at last come to a head. "

Who Was Socrates?

Who Was Socrates?

"Socrates himself was born in Athens around 470 B.C. He was the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife. During the early part of his life, he seems to have followed in his father's footsteps, working as a sculptor. He was married to Xanthippe (who is often depicted as something of a shrew) and she bore him three sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus. Socrates was hardly an ideal husband or father; he was so preoccupied with his search for wisdom that he often neglected his family and was not overly concerned with supporting them financially.

"As for his education, it is said that he was a student of Anaxagoras, one of the famous early philosophers of Greece. At first he spent his time studying cosmology (or the study of the nature of reality) but later abandoned this field in order to devote himself almost exclusively to ethics. He came to believe that it was his mission to act as a kind of "gadfly" to the Athenian people, provoking them into recognizing their moral ignorance. Needless to say, his constant interrogation did not endear him to all of the citizens of Athens. While Socrates developed a following among many of the more idealistic young men of Athens--Plato, for example, was a devoted disciple of his--he soon incurred the wrath of some of the most powerful men in the city."

Greek Philosophy Plato

Greek Philosophy Plato

"Plato (speaking through Socrates) divides human beings up based on their innate intelligence, strength, and courage. Those who are not overly bright, or strong, or brave, are suited to various productive professions: farming, smithing, building, etc. Those who are somewhat bright, strong, and especially courageous are suited to defensive and policing professions. Those who are extraordinarily intelligent, virtuous, and brave, are suited to run the state itself; that is, Plato's ideal state is an aristocracy, a Greek word which means "rule by the best." The lower end of human society, which, as far as Plato is concerned, consists of an overwhelming majority of people in a state, he calls the "producers," since they are most suited for productive work. The middle section of society, a smaller but still large number of people, make up the army and the police and are called "Auxiliaries." The best and the brightest, a very small and rarefied group, are those who are in complete control of the state permanently; Plato calls these people "Guardians." In the ideal state, "courage" characterizes the Auxiliaries; "wisdom" displays itself in the lives and government of the Guardians. A state may be said to have "temperance" if the Auxiliaries obey the Guardians in all things and the Producers obey the Auxiliaries and Guardians in all things. A state may be said to be intemperate if any of the lower groups do not obey one of the higher groups. A state may be said to be just if the Auxiliaries do not simply obey the Guardians, but enjoy doing so, that is, they don't grumble about the authority being exercised over them; a just state would require that the Producers not only obey the Auxiliaries and Guardians, but that they do so willingly."