Tangut and Thibet (Tibet)

"The vast country described as Tangut and Thibet is known to the Chinese by the name of Tsang. The Tartars call it Tangout, Barantola, and Boutan. It is said to be six hundred and forty leagues from east to west, and six hundred and fifty from north to south. (Thibet is sixteen hundred miles east and west; its breadth very unequal. -- Rendell, p. 227). It is bounded by the countries of Kokonor, Sechuan, Yunnan, Ava, Hindoostan, Bucharia, and the desert of Kobi. The Tartar emperor, Kublai, divided it into several provinces. He conferred on the Bonze, Passepa, the title of sovereign prince, and honoured him with a golden seal: and also with the titles of tutor to the emperor, doctor of the empire, head of the law, and even that of ouang, which signifies king, or prince. Next to the Thibetans, the Tartars are the most zealous worshippers of the grand Lama. The lamas had great power in China, while the Mongols possessed that throne; they are distinguished by the red and yellow cap." (Historical researches on the conquest of Peru, Mexico, Bogota, Natchez and Talomeco and the thirteenth century, by the Mongols, accompanied with elephants; and the local agreement of history and tradition, with the remains of elephants and mastodontes found in the New World, London 1827)